水分与氮素及其互作对水稻产量和水肥利用效率的影响研究进展

了解水分、氮素及其互作对水稻产量与水、氮利用效率的影响,对协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率有重要意义。本文概述了水稻节水灌溉技术、氮肥利用效率与氮肥施用技术、水分与氮素对水稻产量及水氮利用效率的耦合效应、作物-土壤关系及水氮调控机制等方面取得的进展;讨论了存在的问题,这些问题包括:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应尚不明确;高产水稻水氮耦合与高效利用的分子机理不清楚;协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率的调控途径尚未掌握。针对这些问题,建议今后重点研究:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应及其机制;水氮互作调控水稻吸收利用水分和氮素的生理与分子机理;协同提高水稻产量和水氮利用效率的调控途径与关键技术。     

Effects of supplementary feeds with different protein levels on growth and economic performances of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a rain-fed rice–fish ecosystem

This study investigated the effects of supplementary feeds with different crude protein (CP) levels on the growth and economic performances of sex-reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in a rain-fed rice–fish ecosystem for a period of 120 days. There were four treatments—namely, traditional feed (21% CP), formulated feed (26% CP), commercial feed (30% CP), and control (no feed was used)—with three replicates per treatment. Fish (30.04 g) were stocked in ditches at a rate of 0.5 fish m^?2 considering the total area and fed one of the tested feeds twice daily at the rate of 2%–5% of body weight. Water-quality parameters of the ditches were monitored fortnightly, and these parameters were found suitable for fish farming. Organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorous in soil were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the feed treatments after fish cultivation. Highly significant weight gain and SGR were observed with fish fed the commercial feed as compared with other treatments. The highest benefit-cost ratio (2.15) was found in the control, followed by formulated feed (1.90), but in the case of numerical net return, it was the opposite. However, commercial feed showed the lowest benefit-cost ratio (1.67) due to higher feed cost than other supplementary feeds. Therefore, this study suggests that fish fed with a formulated feed (26% CP) produced significantly higher net economic return in the rice–fish farming system.     

上海水稻精量机械穴直播技术研究与应用

以上海地区主推水稻品种为材料,在精量机械穴直播条件下,开展了不同类型水稻品种的小区试验和示范,明确了精量机械穴直播水稻的生育特性、抗倒伏性、群体建成和产量表现,并分析了采用水稻精量机械穴直播后土壤的微生物群落结构的变化和水稻生产经济效益。试验示范结果表明,精量机械穴直播水稻生育期明显缩短,单株分蘖力强,群体结构合理,穗粒结构协调,干物质积累多,抗倒能力较强,增产优势明显,节本低耗,生产效率显著提高,是目前极具生产潜力的一种新型高效低耗种植模式,适合上海都市农业发展的需求,也顺应了水稻低碳种植发展趋势,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Characterizing the pigmented traditional rice cultivars grown in temperate regions of Kashmir (India) for free and bound phenolics compounds and in vitro antioxidant properties

The purpose of the research was to identify the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of seven different traditional pigmented whole rice cultivars grown in the temperate regions of Kashmir so as to study their relationship with in vitro antioxidant capacities. The completely pigmented rice cultivars were found to have higher phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin contents and exhibited higher antioxidant capacities than the light colored and sparely colored rice cultivars. A total of 40 compounds had been identified in the analyzed rice cultivars that were found to be distributed in 6 major categories with 6-phenolics, 6-flavonoids, 11-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, 7-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, 3-anthocyanins and 7-flavonoid glucosides of different flavonoid compounds. Among the free and bound fractions for each cultivars the light and sparsely colored depicted higher content of phenolics and in vitro antioxidant properties in bound faction, while the completely pigmented cultivars showed higher antioxidant properties in free fractions. The anthocyanins quercetin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-O-diglucoside had been identified by LC-MS existing in the free fractions of the analyzed rice cultivars whereas, the free fraction of acetone + H₂O possessed higher percentage of phenolic compounds as compared to methanolic extracts and bound fractions. The black colored cultivars possessed higher DPPH scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition.     

共生菌Arsenophonus、水稻品种和温度对褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌发病率的影响

【目的】研究共生菌Arsenophonus、水稻和温度对褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌发病率的影响,揭示影响褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌发病的重要因子。【方法】通过共生菌Arsenophonus(感染和未感染)与水稻品种(TN1、IR56和Mudgo)以及Arsenophonus与温度(21℃、23℃、25℃、27℃、29℃和31℃)两个二因素完全随机区组试验,观察喷黄绿绿僵菌孢子悬浮液后不同时间褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌的发病率。【结果】喷黄绿绿僵菌孢子悬浮液后,不同水稻品种上褐飞虱发病率均以含Arsenophonus的试虫较低,而不同温度下的褐飞虱发病率则仅喷菌处理后第3 d和5 d时在25℃、27℃和29℃时含Arsenophonus的试虫发病率显著较低,其他温度下无显著差异。双因素方差结果表明,Arsenophonus与水稻品种双因素试验中均以含Arsenophonus褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌的发病率显著较低,而Arsenophonus与温度双因素试验中仅在喷菌处理后第3 d、5 d以含Arsenophonus褐飞虱黄绿绿僵菌的发病率显著较低。温度显著影响褐飞虱的发病率,23℃~29℃条件下褐飞虱的发病率较高,LT50较短,为黄绿绿僵菌侵染褐飞虱的适温范围。其中,27℃时发病率最高,LT50最短,最为适宜;31℃和21℃条件下褐飞虱发病率较低,LT50较长,不利于黄绿绿僵菌对褐飞虱的侵染。温度还影响含Arsenophonus与不含Arsenophonus试虫LT50的相对大小。其中,含Arsenophonus试虫LT50在27℃、29℃时相对较长,在其他温度下则相同甚至较短。【结论】共生菌Arsenophonus显著抑制黄绿绿僵菌对褐飞虱的致病力,且该作用受到温度的显著影响;温度亦显著影响褐飞虱的黄绿绿僵菌发病率,而水稻品种以及Arsenophonus和水稻品种间、Arsenophonus和环境温度间的交互作用均无显著影响。     

Effects of genes increasing the number of spikelets per panicle,TAW1 and APO1, on yield and yield-related traits in rice

The genes TAWAWA1 (TAW1) and ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1 (APO1) increase the number of spikelets per panicle (SN). In the present study, we examined the effects of these genes on morphological traits, yield, and yield-related traits including yield components using the near-isogenic lines (NILs) in the genetic background of a japonica rice variety, Koshihikari – NIL-taw1, NIL-apo1-D3, and NIL-apo1-D4 – in a field experiment. The SN and total number of spikelets per area of the three NILs were larger than those of Koshihikari. However, the yield of the three NILs did not exceed that of Koshihikari due to their low filling ability. Interestingly, our field experiments indicated that TAW1 did not affect the diameter of internodes and the PN, whereas APO1 decreased the PN and increased the diameter of internodes. These results suggest that TAW1 and APO1 differently affect yield-related traits.     

氮素穗肥运筹对两个杂交中籼稻叶片形态、光合生产及产量的影响

【目的】为探究氮素穗肥不同促花肥和保花肥比例对水稻光合生产和产量的影响,并为水稻氮素穗肥管理提供依据,【方法】以株型和产量均存在较大差异的2个杂交中稻品种(德香4103和宜香3724)为材料,在常规施氮量(180 kg/hm2)下,研究了占总氮40%的穗肥不同促花肥和保花肥运筹比例(1∶3,2∶2,3∶1,4∶0)对水稻叶片生长、形态、光合生产及产量的影响。【结果】2个水稻品种均在低促花肥、高保花肥时(1∶3)表现出叶片直立、受光形态好,净光合速率高和群体干物质积累量大的特点,并最终获得较高产量;而在高促花肥、低保花肥下,2个水稻品种的剑叶、倒2叶叶面积和叶角增大,披垂度增加,群体质量变差,结实率和粒重下降,产量降低。德香4103因其颖花量较大,上3叶叶面积和总叶面积相对适宜,粒叶比高,且在不同穗肥运筹下叶面积和叶角变幅较小,因而受光姿态和群体质量更优,干物质积累量更大,产量更高。【结论】水稻氮素穗肥运筹应塑造良好叶片形态和群体质量,并增加花后物质积累量才能有助于产量提高;并对水稻株叶型选育进行了探讨。     

Quantitative trait loci responsible for the difference in γ-oryzanol content in brown rice between japonica-type and indica-type rice cultivars

γ-Oryzanol is a main oleophilic component in rice bran oil and has been well recognized as a good dietary supplement for human health, as well as having uses in industrial materials. japonica-type rice cultivars generally showed significantly higher contents of total γ-oryzanol in brown rice compared with indica-type cultivars, although within-group variation was significant. The objective of this study was to explore quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for the difference in the γ-oryzanol content between japonica-type and indica-type rice cultivars, using recombinant inbred lines (RILs), backcross inbred lines (BILs), and corresponding chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from crosses between japonica-type and indica-type. Results from RILs and BILs showed that eight QTLs were detected with R² from .09 to .16. Nine candidate regions for QTL were also suggested from corresponding CSSLs. These QTLs from RILs and BILs and the candidate regions from CSSLs were not overlapped, although one QTLs was mapped near the boundaries of the respective candidate region. At four QTLs and three candidate regions, alleles or segments from japonica-type caused higher contents than those from indica-type. On the other hand, at the other four QTLs and six candidate regions, alleles or segments from indica-type caused higher contents than those from japonica-type, which is a reverse result to the parental differences. This result strongly suggested that alleles with increasing effects on γ-oryzanol content could be accumulated not only from japonica-type but also from indica-type, leading to a potential for increase in γ-oryzanol content in future breeding programs.     

籼粳杂交稻甬优12百亩方13.50 t/hm~2高产栽培技术

籼粳杂交稻甬优12具有株型优良、穗大粒多、结实率高、高产稳产、优质多抗等特点。2013-2016年在浙江省江山市进行百亩方攻关试验,2016年创造了单产14.56 t/hm~2的浙江省单季稻攻关田历史最高纪录。本文介绍了甬优12的特征特性,并详细阐述了甬优12百亩攻关方单产达13.50 t/hm~2的高产栽培技术。     

水稻均衡营养肥对杂交稻生长发育的影响及养分吸收特性

研究了水稻均衡营养肥对杂交稻生长发育的影响及养分吸收特性,以为精准施肥及秸秆还田养分循环利用提供必要的科学参数。结果表明,水稻均衡营养肥处理的株高、总粒数、实粒数、结实率、穗质量和产量均高于常规施肥处理,稻谷中的总钾、S~(6+)和Fe~(2+)含量均高于常规施肥处理,但总磷、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的含量低于常规施肥处理,总氮含量则基本相同;常规施肥处理的秸秆中总氮、总钾、Mg~(2+)和S~(6+)含量均高于水稻均衡营养肥处理,总磷、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(2+)含量基本相同。均衡营养肥处理氮、磷、钾利用率分别为67.8%、60.0%和95.5%,农民常规施肥处理分别为32.3%、86.0%和100%。可见,水稻均衡营养肥能均衡的为杂交稻生长提供必需的养分,大幅度提高肥料利用率。